The Heart Sutra

The Heart Sutra by Red Pine

As with the Diamond Sutra, I preferred the Red Pine translation and commentary to the Conze edition. While looking online for a translation to link to (while refusing to go to Wikipedia) I found these amusing videos. Then I succumbed and went to WP, and found Conze's translation. Below, in blue, Red Pine's translation, as well as his commentary and commentary translations in italics. On to my review in preparation for my paper.

Red Pine says in his introduction:
A mantra is like a magic lamp, which itself is often cast in the shape of a womb. But instead of bringing forth a genie, as other mantras are intended to do, this mantra draws us inside, where we become the genie. Chanting this mantra thus creates the womb from which we are reborn as buddhas. (p. 16)

And this is how this is the Mother of the Buddhas.

Three Levels of Prajna

• First level: mundane wisdom --> concretization --> "views what is impermanent as permanent, what is impure as pure, and what has no self as having a self"
• Second level: metaphysical wisdom --> opposite of concretization --> "views what appears to be permanent as impermanent, what appears to be pure as impure, and what appears to have a self as having no self. ...Despite providing its possessors with insight into a higher reality, such wisdom remains rooted in dialectics and does not result in enlightenment"
• Third level: transcendent wisdom--> not two --> "views all things, whether mundane or metaphysical, as neither permanent nor impermanent, as neither pure nor impure, as neither having a self nor not having a self, as inconceivable and inexpressible. ...it is based on the insight that all things, both objects and dharmas, are empty of anything self-existent. (p. 30)
  

Part One: Prajnaparamita

1. THE NOBLE AVALOKITESHVARA
Fa-tsang says, "This name is given to someone who has the power to see without being obstructed by concepts or objects and whose power to see how to aid those who hope to be rescued is also unobstructed. The first explains his wisdom, the second his compassion." (p. 48)

The practice is all about getting better at witnessing and letting go of the obstructions. This continues even when obstructions are vanquished. Sometimes a person is Kanzeon, sometimes a person needs to call upon Kanzeon.

Hui-ching says, "Seeing the emptiness of greed, he is master of generosity; seeing the emptiness of sin, he is master of morality; the same holds for the rest of the paramitas; and seeing the emptiness of ignorance, he is master of wisdom." (p. 49)

2. WHILE PRACTICING THE DEEP PRACTICE OF PRAJNAPARAMITA
Hui-ching says, "And after approaching the end of the path and gaining the forbearance of birthlessness, they realize that the person who cultivates and the path they cultivate are nothing but a dream or illusion." (p. 55)

3. LOOKED UPON THE FIVE SKANDHAS
Red Pine's explanation of the root meanings of the 5 skandhas are worth looking at if you chance upon this book. Here they are, along with the fallacies of identifying with any one of them, from my cheat-sheet reminder card:

1. Rupa=Form: I am my body.
2. Vedana=Sensation: I am my feeling
3. Samjna=Thought: I am my thought.
4. Samskara=Activity: I am what I do.
5. Vijnana=Consciousness: I am my consciousness

Red Pine says the 4th is "our karmic genome, the repository of all that we have previously intended, whether expressed in the form of words, deeds, or thoughts." (p. 64)

4. AND SEEING THEY WERE EMPTY OF SELF-EXISTENCE
Hui-ching says, "If the skandhas exist, then suffering isn't empty. But once someone understands that the skandhas are empty, what does suffering have to rest on?" (p. 70)

5. SAID, "HERE, SHARIPUTRA
6. FORM IS EMPTINESS, EMPTINESS IS FORM.
Well, duh. I only say that because it's been chanted into my blood and bones.

Yin-shun says, "Most people don't understand this. They think that 'emptiness' means 'nothing' and that it can't produce everything that exists. They don't realize that if dharma weren't empty, no dharmas would ever appear, that what exists would always exist and what doesn't exist would never exist. But dharmas [things] aren't like that. Those that exist can change, then they don't exist. ANd those that don't exist can appear to exist as the result of causes and conditions. The birth and destruction, the existence and non-existence of dharmas is entirely dependent on their lack of self-existence and their fundamental emptiness. (p. 79)

That sure puts qua anything out of existence.

7. EMPTINESS IS NOT SEPARATE FROM FORM, FORM IS NOT SEPARATE FROM EMPTINESS
8. WHATEVER IS FORM IS EMPTINESS, WHATEVER IS EMPTINESS IS FORM
Chen-k'o says, "Ordinary people don't understand. They see form, but they don't see emptiness. Followers of the Two Paths are biased and see emptiness, but they don't see form. It is just like the water of the Ganges. Fishes and dragons see it as a cavernous home. Devas see it as aquamarine. Humans see it as a flowing current. Hungry ghosts see it as a roaring blaze. What these four beings see is nothing but their emotions. Those who wake up understand that none of these exist."

9. THE SAME HOLDS FOR SENSATION AND PERCEPTION, MEMORY AND CONSCIOUSNESS.
10. HERE, SHARIPUTRA, ALL DHARMAS ARE DEFINED BY EMPTINESS
11. NOT BIRTH OR DESTRUCTION, PURITY OR DEFILEMENT, COMPLETENESS OR DEFICIENCY
Red Pine says, "This is a restatement of the Buddha's teaching of the Three Insights (tri-vidya) into what characterizes a dharma, or fundamental entity of the mind. These are impermanence (anitya), suffering (dukkha), and no-self (anatman)." (p. 90)

Fa-tsang says, "To be neither born nor destroyed is to be an ordinary person at the beginning of the path. To be neither pure nor defiled is to be a bodhisattva at the middle of the path. And to be neither complete nor deficient is to be a buddha at the end of the path. These three have no nature of their own, hence they manifest the marks of true emptiness. (p. 95)

Part Two: Abhidharma in the Light of Prajnaparamita

12. THEREFORE, SHARIPUTRA, IN EMPTINESS THERE IS NO FORM,
13. NO SENSATION, NO PERCEPTION, NO MEMORY, AND NO CONSCIOUSNESS
14. NO EYE, NO EAR, NO NOSE, NO TONGUE, NO BODY AND NO MIND
15. NO SHAPE, NO SOUNDS, NO SMELL, NO TASTE, NO FEELING AND NO THOUGHT
16. NO ELEMENT OF PERCEPTION, FROM EYE TO CONCEPTUAL CONSCIOUSNESS
17. NO CAUSAL LINK, FROM IGNORANCE TO OLD AGE AND DEATH
18. AND NO END OF CAUSAL LINK, FROM IGNORANCE TO OLD AGE AND DEATH
19. NO SUFFERING, NO SOURCE, NO RELIEF, NO PATH

Red Pine says, "As with the previous analytical categories, the Four Truths address the same basic issue: the nature of our experience. The Five Skandhas explained it in terms of aspects or bodies, the Twelve Abodes explained it in terms of location, the Eighteen Elements of Perception explained it in terms of components, and the Twelve Links of Dependent Origination explained it in terms of causal connections. It was this last insight that formed the basis of the Buddha's Enlightenment. (p. 116)

20. NO KNOWLEDGE, NO ATTAINMENT
AND NO NON-ATTAINMENT
Chen-k'o says, "Once the Five Skandhas are seen as empty, the light of the mind shines alone. When all the clouds are gone, the full moon fills the sky. Thus, birth and destruction, purity and defilement, completeness and deficiency are all snowflakes on a red-hot stove. Once you realize true emptiness, how could the Five Skandhas alone be empty?" (p. 127)

Part Three: The Bodhisattva Path

21. THEREFORE, SHARIPUTRA, WITHOUT ATTAINMENT
Red Pine says, "Thus, while the shravaka path ends with no rebirth, the bodhisattva path ends with no birth, with the realization that nothing comes into existence in the first place. And because nothing arises, nothing ceases. And because nothing ceases, nothing is impermanent. And because nothing is impermanent, suffering cannot occur. And because suffering cannot occur, all beings are freed from suffering. And because all beings are freed from suffering, bodhisattvas fulfill their vow to liberate all beings. And because bodhisattvas fulfill their vow to liberate all beings, they themselves are liberated from liberating all beings." (p. 129)

22. BODHISATTVAS TAKE REFUGE IN PRAJNAPARAMITA
23. AND LIVE WITHOUT WALLS OF THE MIND

Conze translates this as "thought coverings."

24. WITHOUT WALLS OF THE MIND AND THUS WITHOUT FEARS
Te'ch'ing says, "All dharmas are basically empty. But someone who relies on sentience or discriimination to view such thins will become hopelessly entangled by the mind and its objects. Whereas someone who relies on the true wisdom of prajna will see that the mind and its objects are empty. And instead of obstructions, they will only meet with freedom. And because their minds are free of walls, there is nothing to fear from birth and death. And because there is nothing to fear from birth and death, there is also no buddhahood to seek. It is because of the fear of birth and death that we seek nirvana. But this is nothing but a dream or delusion. (p. 135)

25. THEY SEE THROUGH DELUSIONS AND FINALLY NIRVANA
Hui-chung says, "What the mind depends upon are views. When you suddenly realize the source of the mind, there is nothing at all to grasp." (p. 139)

26. ALL BUDDHAS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
27. ALSO TAKE REFUGE IN PRAJNAPARAMITA
Red Pine says, "Here, Avalokiteshvara reminds us of this process, that buddhas become buddhas by taking refuge in Prajnaparamita and not by attaining nirvana." (p. 140)

And what that means is only bodhisattvas can become buddhas. Also, just a reminder, nirvana = extinction. It does not mean heaven.

28. AND REALIZE UNEXCELLED, PERFECT ENLIGHTENMENT

Part Four: The Womb of Buddhas

29. YOU SHOULD THEREFORE KNOW THE GREAT MANTRA OF PRAJNAPARAMITA
Ching-chueh says, "Once you catch a fish, you can forget the trap. Once you catch a rabbit, you can forget the snare. Once you catch the meaning, you can forget the words." (p. 147)

30. THE MANTRA OF GREAT MAGIC
31. THE UNEXCELLED MANTRA
32. THE MANTRA EQUAL TO THE UNEQUALLED
33. WHICH HEALS ALL SUFFERING AND IS TRUE, NOT FALSE
8 Kinds of suffering: of birth; of age; of illness; of death; of separation from what one loves; of meeting what one hates; of not getting what one wants; of the skandhas (p. 153)

34. THE MANTRA IN PRAJNAPARAMITA SPOKEN THUS
Te-ch'ing says, "The foregoing text is exoteric prajna. This mantra is esoteric prajna. There's no place for an intellectual understanding, only silent repetition. The speed of its effectiveness depends upon the inconceivable power of forgetting feelings and putting an end to understanding. But the reason behind the effectiveness is the light inherent in everyone's mind." (p. 155)

35. 'GATE GATE, PARAGATE, PARASANGATE, BODHI SVAHA'
para-gate = into the gone beyond
Red Pine says, "Thus, the word around which this mantra, and the entire sutra, revolves is "beyond." After negating the categories of the Abhidharma, this sutra refuses to set up another category or set of categories. Whatever it is, this teaching is beyond it, including itself. This is the function of this mantra: to go beyond language and the categories in which language imprisons us and to lead us into the womb of Prajnaparamita." (p. 158)

Kyogen said, "I think of the Heart Sutra as a formula that expresses the whole of the Buddhadharma."

When I was attempting to make up past classes, I took a hard look at this and the Diamond Sutra, and I knew I couldn't find something to say. The harder I looked, the more it eluded me, so I decided to take the class again, especially since it was being offered the next season.

Now I've been through the class again, and again, I have little to say, at least about this. But now I see that is quite natural. This mantra, and this sutra, go beyond language.

Red Pine says, "The mantra concludes with bodhi svaha. While the first part of the mantra leads us into the womb, this last part gives us birth. Bodhi, which is case-free here and thus the magic seed of our rebirth, means "enlightenment," and svaha is exclamatory: "at last," "amen," "hallelujah." It was used at the end of the Vedic rituals while making oblations to the gods and thus has the function of consecrating an offering." (p. 158)

(Yes, Buddhism is a religion.)

Having chanted this for years, I wholeheartedly agree that the chanting of "bodhi svaha" gives us birth.

Diamond Sutra: Chapters 21-32

The Diamond Sutra
by Red Pine

A busy summer and a problem with my back that has prevented me from sitting for long periods of time at the computer have kept me away from this and other writing projects. My back is still healing and sitting here is still painful, but the time has come that I must return to my notes and get that seminary paper written. I feel like I'll be winging it, as I read these books and went to those classes so long ago, but I should remember, I did this with the Perfection of Wisdom Sutras, and I'd attended those classes a few years before.

So, back to my notes, and thoughts. Previous notes:
Chapters 1-11
Chapters 12-16
Chapters 17-20

Chapter 21

In the previous two chapters, the Buddha re-examined subjects covered earlier, but with his dharma and buddha eyes. In the last chapter, he examined his sanbhoga-kaya, or reward body, which is the embodiment of realization. In this chapter, he asks Subhuti to consider the connection of such a body with his nirmana-kaya, or apparition body, which is the body in which a buddha appears in this world to teach others, and also with his dharma-kaya, which is the teaching itself. (Red Pine p. 338)

Something that sticks with me, when I first learned about the 3 kayas years ago, was how Jiko Tisdale described the nirmana-kaya as numinous, and she also explained what numinous was, without evoking the supernatural. I believe she also use the word luminous. Then, a day or so later, my cat Jig arched her back, and I saw her full presence, her Great Being that was surely the Buddha shining of her as it is of all beings, and I knew what nirmana-kaya was, and I fell deeper in love with her. Nirmana-kaya....look for it, and you'll find it.

Seng-chao says, "To teach a dharma means to transmit something. And yet we are told there is no dharma taught. It isn't that the Buddha keeps silent and doesn't speak, only that when he speaks nothing remains. Thus, what he teaches spreads throughout the world without transgressing the truth." To this, Hsieh Ling-yu adds, "The fact that nothing remains means that he is not attached to appearances, that his mind dwells nowhere." (Red Pine pp. 339-40)

A Buddha does not teach to the test. If something remained, like say an agenda, or the thought that he knows best, a Buddha could not meet the next moment authentically, nor the next, nor the next. A Buddha is not looking for particular answers, thus is not teaching toward those answers.

Chapter 22

Hui-neng says, "When the thought of realization is gone, this is enlightenment." (Red Pine p 349)

All I can say is, beware of that greedy thought of realization that attempts to trick one's self into enlightenment by thinking one is not thinking of realization, thus really is thinking of realization.

Also, beware of any so-called teacher that claims to have the spiritual truth for your benefit. They also tend to expect a bunch of money.

Chapter 23

The Sanskrit word used here, kushala (auspicious), is derived from kusha, which is the name of the sacred grass used in ancient India by priests and fortune-tellers to assist them in gaining entrance to the unknown. This grass was also used by the Buddha and others for their meditation cushions. Thus, auspicious dharmas are those that arise from prajna, that are the fruit of wisdom, which is, itself, the fruit of meditation. (Red Pine p 356)

Just sit, and trust in the practice. It will tell you what you need to do. I learned this from practicing meditation on my own. I listened when it told me I needed others, a teacher, a sangha, if I wanted to progress any further.

Hui-neng says, "As for this dharma of enlightenment, from buddhas above to insects below, they all possess a kind of wisdom that does not differ from that of the Buddha. Hence, it is said to be equal and devoid of superior or inferior, for enlightenment is not partial. If you can just get free of the four perceptions [self, being, life, soul] and cultivate all auspicious dharmas, you will realize enlightenment. If you don't get free of the four perceptions, even though you cultivate all auspicious dharmas, your thoughts of a self or a being striving to realize liberation will increase, instead. And this will never end. (Red Pine p 357)

Hey, it's not about me. It's not about you. We are not two. How can we then not be kind, not care, not help each other?

Chapter 24

Seng-chao says, "A pile of jewels has its limits; a profound understanding is never exhausted." (Red Pine p 365)

I'm with that guy.

Ch'en Hsiung says, "The Fifth Patriarch once said, 'If people are blind to their own nature, how can merit help?' And the Sixth Patriarch added, 'They spend endless ages at sea searching for pearls unaware of the seven jewels within themselves.' These two buddhas were concerned that instead of cultivating themselves and realizing their own nature, people would take the path of seeking merit through the offering of jewels." (Red Pine pp 365-66)

Chapter 25

Hui-neng says, "But while all beings have the buddha nature, if they did not rely on the dharma teachings of buddhas, they would have no means of realizing it themselves. How else can they cultivate and reach the path to buddhahood?" (Red Pine p 371)

One needs to study the self before one can forget the self.

Tao-ch'uan says, "One thought you're a mortal, the next you're a buddha. But what sort of things are mortals and buddhas? My song goes:

You don't have three heads or six arms
still you can use chopsticks and a spoon
sometimes you're drunk and obnoxious
then you light incense and bow
you hold a plate made of crystal
and wear a robe of fine silk
you never stop showing off
but the one led off by the nose is you." (Red Pine p 374)

Chapter 26

Li Wen-hui says, "If someone has not yet understood the four perceptions of self, being, life, and soul, their mind is subject to birth and death. Birth and death is the meaning of the turning wheel, while the king refers to the mind. Although a person cultivates the thirty-two pure practices, as long as their rising and falling mind keeps turning, they will never understand their perfect original mind. Thus, we cannot use the thirty-two attributes to see the Tathagata." (Red Pine p 382)

Thich Nhat Hanh says, "When we first learn to meditate, we may visualize the Buddha with his 32 special marks. But once our wounds are healed, we should leave those images and see the Buddha in birth, sickness, old age, and death. Nirvana is made of the same substance as attachment, and awakening of the same substance as ignorance." (Red Pine p 385)

In the beginning I saw the buddha in my teachers, and I wanted to connect to that. With the help of my teachers and my community, I was able to heal, and I naturally settled into seeing them all as buddhas and as human beings, with flaws as well as perfections. Whereas before I saw myself as separate, eventually I awakened to finding myself one and the same.

Chapter 27

The interpretation I have followed, and which accords with all other Chinese translations and Sanskrit editions, reads this chapter as a warning against attachment to dharmas of any kind, both those that are seen as leading to buddhahood and those that are seen as obstructing the path to buddhahood. Neither is there an end to the path, nor is there a beginning. The Buddha prepares us for the next chapter by denying that there is something we achieve or something we transcend. (Red Pine p 388)

I think this is a trap teachers especially need to be wary of falling into. It is easy to favor certain views when it is rare that students will question them. It is their path to be expounders of the dharma, to be those who have gone before and show those who follow...but they are human, and can be wrong at times.

Thich Nhat Hanh says, "When we look at a table, a flower, or the highest, most fulfilled, awakened mind, if we see that they exist independently of other objects of mind, we are caught in the view of permanence. On the other hand, if we think that everything is non-existent, we are caught in the view of annihilation. The middle way taught by the Buddha is a way free of these two views. Liberation is not to cut ourselves off from life or to try to reach non-being." (Red Pine pp 391-92)

Chapter 28

Wow, that is rather a communist way of translating this chapter. Not that there's anything wrong with that. Red Pine translates the last sentences this way: "The venerable Subhuti said, "But surely, Bhagavan, this bodhisattva would obtain a body of merit!" The Buddha replied, "They would Subhuti, but without grasping it. This it is called 'obtaining.'"

In this sutra, the Buddha focuses on three of the six perfections: the first perfection of charity, the third perfection of acceptance or forbearance, and the sixth perfection of wisdom. Here, the Buddha merges all three. For when we give something, we must be able to bear its loss and accept its absence. Thus, charity and acceptance are two aspects of the same practice. It is the perfection of wisdom, however, that transforms this twofold practice. For it is by means of wisdom that we realize that the elements of practice are empty, that there is not gift, no giver, no recipient, and thus no practice. (Red Pine p 395)

Chapter 29

Te-ch'ing says, "Subhuti still regards the one whose deportment is perfect whether moving or still as the Tathagata. But this is to hold the view of coming and going. How could the Tathagata come or go? At this point Subhuti's attachments end, and his preferences are forgotten, and movements and stillness are no longer seen as different but truly so and in the realm of the real, which is the final mystery. However, his distinction of oneness and multiplicity has not been forgotten, and the meaning of one body with three forms has not yet been understood. Thus, in the next chapter, atoms and worlds are used to break through this." (Red Pine p 405)

Tao-ch'uan says, "At the temple gate, put your hands together. In the buddha hall, light incense. My song goes,

The billowing of clouds of fall come and go
how many times to Nanyueh or Tientai
Han-shan and Shih-te laugh when they meet
and what do they laugh about
they laugh about walking without lifting their feet." (Red Pine p 406)

The form is empty. Emptiness is the form. What better thing to do than to laugh at shuffling feet? They are not going anywhere while going everywhere. Life is good. I'd like to see Han-shan and Shih-te laugh. I bet I have, only they've been called by another name.

Chapter 30

Te-ch'ing says, "When atoms are piled together to make a universe, there is a unity and yet no unity. And when a universe is separated into atoms of dust, there is a multitude and yet no multitude. From this point of view, the appearance of unity or multitude is impossible to explain." (Red Pine p 411)

I love it when multiplicity and unity are piled together.

Hui-neng says, "The mind is the root of good and evil. It can be foolish or wise. Its movement and stillness cannot be fathomed. It is vast and without borders. Thus it is called a universe." (Red Pine p 413) Chi-fo says, "The world is like the dharma body, and atoms of dust are like the apparition body. Just as the world is broken into atoms of dust, the dharma body is divided into apparition bodies. The pile of atoms is a world. The apparition bodies are not different. The apparition bodies are also the substance of the dharma body. The dharma body is not one. But the dharma body can give birth to the activity of apparition bodies. The atoms of dust are not the world, and yet the atoms of dust are the substance of the world. The world is not atoms of dust, and yet the world is formed by atoms of dust. If the world were real, it could not be broken into atoms of dust. Likewise, if the dharma body were real, it could not give birth to apparition bodies." (Red Pine pp 416-17)

Chapter 31

At the beginning of this sutra, Subhuti asked the Buddha how bodhisattvas should stand, how they should walk, and how they should control their thoughts. The Buddha now concludes that bodhisattvas should stand on what they know, which is the selflessness and birthlessness of all dharmas, they should walk on what they see, which is the dharma body of reality, and they should control their thoughts by believing this teaching of the perfection of wisdom. Except for "believe," the Buddha uses the same language here that he uses in Ch. 14 and elsewhere. Just as buddhas jnata (know) those who practice this teaching by means of their buddha-knowledge, those who practice it jnata (know) all dharmas. Just as buddhas drista (see) those who practice this teaching by means of their buddha-vision, those who practice it drista (see) all dharmas. Thus, buddhas buddha (are aware) of those who adhimokta (believe) this teaching. But those who believe this teaching do so without attachment to any dharma. (Red Pine p 424)

No persuasion is needed, no argument, no rationale, is needed. You see, you believe. No separation, you believe. I guess that's what he's saying.

Chapter 32

Red Pine says the gatha in Chapter 26 sums up this sutra:

Who looks for me in form
who seeks me in a voice
indulges in wasted effort
such people see me not.

He suggests the gatha concluding this chapter may not even belong here, that it is the same ending as the end of the Perfection of Wisdom in Five Hundred Lines.

As a lamp, a cataract, a star in space
an illusion, a dewdrop, a bubble
a dream, a cloud, a flash of lightning
view all created things like this.

Dogen focuses on this gatha a lot. Without it, possibly without it here especially, Zen would not be Zen as we know it. I think they are saying the same thing, anyway.

Hui-neng says, "Speaking dharmas with skillful and expedient means, considering people's faculties and capacities and using whatever works--this is what is called explaining to others. ...One must not discriminate but simply maintain an utterly empty mind that accords with the truth. ...Dreams are our false bodies. Illusions are our false thoughts. Bubbles are our afflictions. Shadows are our karmic obstructions. The karma of dreams, illusions, bubbles, and shadows are created dharmas. Uncreated dharmas are those that are real and free of name or appearance." (Red Pine p 434)